Intshayelelo
Iibholithi ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo kwizixhobo zoshishino kunye neenkqubo zesakhiwo. Kwimimandla- yobushushu obuphezulu, iibholithi kufuneka zimelane kungekuphela nje nomthwalo onzima womatshini kodwa nobushushu obugqithisileyo, ukwanda kwe-thermal, i-oxidation, kunye noxinzelelo lwexesha elide{2}. Imizi-mveliso efana nokuveliswa kwamandla, ukusetyenzwa kwepetrokhemikhali, i-aerospace, ukwenziwa kweemoto, isinyithi, kunye nemveliso yeziko lemizi-mveliso zonke zixhomekeke{4}}kwiibhothi zobushushu obuphezulu ukugcina uzinzo lwezixhobo kunye nokhuseleko lokusebenza.
Ukukhetha iibholiti ezingalunganga kwiimeko zokushisa eziphakamileyo kunokukhokelela kwiingxaki ezinzulu. Ubushushu obugqithileyo bunokunciphisa amandla okuqina, buthathaka amandla okubamba, kukhawulezise ukuthotywa, okanye kubangele inguqu ekhasayo ngokuhamba kwexesha. Kwiimeko ezimandundu, ukusilela kwebholithi kunokubangela ukuvalwa kwezixhobo, iingozi zokhuseleko, ukulungiswa okubizayo, kunye nelahleko yemveliso.
Uninzi lwabathengi bemizi-mveliso bagxila ikakhulu kubungakanani bebholithi kunye nomgangatho wokomelela, kodwa ubushushu obuphezulu{0}usetyenziso lufuna ukuqwalaselwa nzulu. Ukwakhiwa kwezinto, ukumelana ne-oxidation, ukusebenza kokudinwa kwe-thermal, uyilo lwentambo, kunye neendlela zokufakela zonke zinefuthe ekuthembekeni kwebholithi phantsi kokuvezwa kobushushu.
Eli nqaku licacisa indlela yokukhetha iibholiti ezifanelekileyo kwindawo -zobushushu obuphezulu kwaye liqaqambisa eyona miba ibalulekileyo echaphazela ukusebenza kwe-fastener kwimfuno yeemeko zoshishino.
Qonda iMiqathango yokuSebenza koBume beNdawo{0}}yobushushu obuphezulu
Ngaphambi kokuba ukhethe iibholithi, kuyimfuneko ukuvavanya indawo yokusebenza yangempela. Iimeko ezahlukeneyo zokushisa zifuna izinto ezahlukeneyo zebholithi kunye neempawu zomatshini.
Chonga Uluhlu lobushushu obusebenzayo
Isinyathelo sokuqala kukumisela ubushushu bokusebenza kwesixhobo. Ezinye iisistim zisebenza ngokuqhubekayo kumaqondo obushushu aphakathi kumaqondo angama-200 ukuya kuma-400, ngelixa ezinye zinokugqithisa i-800℃okanye i-1000℃kwizicelo ezigqithisileyo zemizi-mveliso.
Iibholiti zentsimbi zekhabhoni ezisemgangathweni zinokwenza kakuhle kumaqondo obushushu aqhelekileyo, kodwa amandla azo ayancipha ngokukhawuleza phantsi kobushushu obude. -ubushushu obuphezulu bezicelo bufuna iibholithi eziyilwe ngokukodwa ukugcina iimpawu zomatshini kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu.
Iinjineli kufuneka zikwahlule phakathi kobushushu obuqhubekayo bokusebenza kunye nobushushu obuphezulu. -uvelwano lwexeshana elifutshane kubushushu obugqithisileyo lunokufuna imathiriyeli yebholt eyahlukileyo xa kuthelekiswa nokungakhuseleki kobushushu bexesha elide{2}.
Hlalutya iMiqathango yeBhayisekile ye-Thermal
Iinkqubo ezininzi zamashishini zifumana imijikelo yokufudumeza kunye nokupholisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Iibhoyila, iisistim zokukhupha umoya, iiinjini zomoya, kunye neereactors zamashishini zihlala zisanda ngexesha lokusebenza kunye nekhontrakthi ngexesha lokuvalwa.
Ukuhamba ngebhayisikile ngobushushu kubangela uxinzelelo ngaphakathi kweebholiti kunye nezinto ezidityanisiweyo. Ukwandiswa nokucutheka okuphindaphindiweyo kunokuwakhulula amalungu ngokuthe ngcembe okanye kubangele iintanda zokudinwa. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, ukukhathala kwe-thermal kunokunciphisa i-fastener kunye nokwandisa umngcipheko wokungaphumeleli.
Iibholiti ezisetyenziswa kwiindawo zokukhwela ibhayisekile ezishushu kufuneka zibonelele ngamandla okumelana nokudinwa kunye namandla okubamba okuzinzileyo phantsi kokuguquguquka kobushushu.
Ukuvavanya uMthwalo kunye neeMfuno zoxinzelelo
{0}}Izixhobo zobushushu obuphezulu zihlala zisebenza phantsi kwemithwalo enzima kunye noxinzelelo lwangaphakathi. Izitshintshi zobushushu, imibhobho yomphunga, iinqanawa zoxinzelelo, kunye neziko lamashishini zibeka uxinzelelo olumandla kwiinkqubo zokuqinisa.
Kumaqondo obushushu aphakamileyo, izinto zebholithi zilahlekelwa yinxalenye yamandla azo okuqina. Oku kuncitshiswa kwamandla kuchaphazela ukukwazi kweebholithi ukugcina ukulayisha kwangaphambili kunye nokunyaniseka okudibeneyo.
Ukukhetha iibholithi ezinomthwalo owaneleyo{0}}umthamo wokuthwala kubushushu bokusebenza kubalulekile kukhuseleko lwesixhobo.
Vavanya iMbonakaliso yokusiNgqongileyo
Ubushushu ayisiyiyo kuphela into echaphazela ukusebenza kwebholithi. -ubushushu obuphezulu busenokubandakanya i-oxidation, ukufuma, imichiza, okanye iigesi ezidliwayo.
Umzekelo:
Iinkqubo zaselwandle zidibanisa ubushushu kunye nokubonakaliswa kwamanzi etyuwa
Izityalo zemichiza ziveza iibholithi kwi-asidi kunye nomphunga onomhlwa
Izixhobo zesithando somlilo zijongene ne-oxidation ebangelwa kukutyhileka ngokuqhubekayo komoya oshushu
Khetha i-Eight Bolt Material yokumelana nobushushu
Ukukhetha izinto sesinye sezona zigqibo zibalulekileyo -kusetyenziso lwebholithi yobushushu obuphezulu. Izinto ezahlukeneyo zibonelela ngamanqanaba ahlukeneyo okumelana nobushushu, ukugcinwa kwamandla, kunye nokukhuselwa kwe-oxidation.
Iibholiti zentsimbi yeCarbon kunye neMida yazo yoBushushu
Iibholiti zensimbi zekhabhoni zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwizixhobo zoshishino ngenxa yeendleko zabo eziphantsi kunye namandla afanelekileyo omatshini. Nangona kunjalo, ukuxhathisa kwabo ubushushu kulinganiselwe.
Kumaqondo obushushu aphakamileyo, intsimbi yekhabhoni ngokuthe ngcembe ilahlekelwa bubulukhuni kunye namandla okuqina. Ukuba sesichengeni sobushushu ixesha elide kunokukhawulezisa i-oxidation kunye nokukala.
Iibholiti zentsimbi zekhabhoni eziqhelekileyo zilungele kuphela usetyenziso oluphakathi{0}}lobushushu. Iingubo ezikhuselayo zinokuphucula ukuxhathisa ukubola, kodwa azikwazi ukukhusela ngokupheleleyo ukulahlekelwa kwamandla phantsi kobushushu obugqithisileyo.
Kwiinkqubo-zobushushu obuphezulu, izinto ezomeleleyo kunye nobushushu obungakumbi{1}}ziyafuneka imathiriyeli ekwaziyo ukumelana nobushushu.
Iibholiti zentsimbi yengxubevange yoBuphezulu{0}}Amandla obushushu obuphezulu
Iibholiti zentsimbi ye-alloy ziqulethe izinto ezongezelelweyo ezifana ne-chromium, i-molybdenum, kunye ne-vanadium. Ezi zinto ziphucula ukumelana nobushushu, ukuqina, kunye nokuzinza komatshini.
I-Chromium-i-molybdenum alloy bolts zentsimbi ziqhele ukusetyenziswa{1}}kwimikhumbi yoxinzelelo lobushushu obuphezulu, izibiyeli, iiiturbines, kunye nezixhobo zepetrochemical. Bagcina amandla aphezulu okuqina phantsi kobushushu xa kuthelekiswa neebholiti zentsimbi zekhabhoni.
Ubushushu-iziqhoboshi zentsimbi eziphathwayo zikwabonelela ngoxhathiso olungcono lokudinwa kunye nokuxhathisa, oko kubenza bafanelekele{1}}ukusebenza ixesha elide kwimizi-mveliso.
Iibholiti zeNtsimbi eZingenazibane zoBubushushu kunye nokuNxhathisa ukuMnyama
Iibholiti zentsimbi engenakutyiwa zibonelela ngokumelana nokugqwesa okugqwesileyo kunye nokuxhathisa okulungileyo kwi-oxidation kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu.
Amanqanaba aqhelekileyo ensimbi engenasici aquka:
I-304 yensimbi engenasici kwizicelo zemizi-mveliso ngokubanzi
316 intsimbi engatyiwayo yendawo enomhlwa kunye neyolwandle
310 intsimbi engatyiwayo yokumelana nobushushu obugqithisileyo
Izinto eziZodwa eziPhakamileyo{0}}zobushushu
Imizi-mveliso ethile ifuna imathiriyeli ye-fastener ephezulu yeemeko zokusebenza ezigqithisileyo.
Iibholiti ze-nickel alloy zibonelela ngokubalaseleyo ukumelana nobushushu, i-oxidation, kunye nokubola kweekhemikhali.
Ezi bholithi zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwii-injini ze-aerospace, ii-injini zegesi, kunye nezityalo zokulungisa imichiza.
Iibholiti ze-Titanium zidibanisa iimpawu ezilula kunye nokumelana nobushushu obuqinileyo. I-aerospace kunye{1}}nemizi-mveliso yeemoto esebenzayo ihlala isebenzise iziqhoboshi ze-titanium ukunciphisa ubunzima ngelixa igcina ukuthembeka.
Qwalasela iiPropati zoomatshini kunye nokuSebenza kweBolt
Ubushushu obuphezulu-usetyenziso lufuna ngaphezulu kokumelana nobushushu. Iibholithi kufuneka kwakhona zigcine ukusebenza komatshini phantsi koxinzelelo oluqhubekayo kunye nokuvezwa kwe-thermal.
Amandla okuqina kumaqondo obushushu anyukileyo
Amandla okuqina alinganisa owona mthwalo uphezulu ibholithi enokumelana nayo phambi kokuba yaphuke. Njengoko iqondo lobushushu linyuka, amandla okuqina ayehla.
Ibholithi eqhuba kakuhle kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi inokuba buthathaka kakhulu kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu. Ngesi sizathu, iinjineli kufuneka zihlale zivavanya{1}}idatha yamandla obushushu obuphezulu kunokuthembela kuphela kumgangatho wegumbi{2}}inkcukacha zobushushu.
I-Creep Resistance
I-Creep yenye yezona zinto zixhalabisayo kwizicelo zokuqinisa ubushushu obuphezulu-. I-Creep ibhekisa kwi-deformation ecothayo kunye nesigxina sezinto eziphantsi koxinzelelo oluqhubekayo kunye nobushushu.
Naxa umthwalo osetyenzisiweyo uhlala ungaphantsi komda wamandla okubamba, ukuba sesichengeni sobushushu bexesha elide-kunokolula kancinci ibholithi kwaye kucuthe amandla okubamba.
Ukuxhathisa i-creep kubaluleke kakhulu ku:
Iibhoyila
Iiinjini zomoya
Iinqanawa zoxinzelelo
Ii-reactors zemizi-mveliso
Iindibano zesithando somlilo
Ukumelana nokukhathala phantsi koxinzelelo lwe-Thermal
Utshintsho oluphindaphindiweyo lobushushu ludala uxinzelelo lwe-thermal ngaphakathi kweebholithi. Ukwandiswa kunye nokunciphisa imijikelo ekugqibeleni kunokubangela iintanda ezincinci.
Ukungaphumeleli kokukhathala kudla ngokukhula ngokuthe ngcembe kwaye kunokungabonakali iimpawu ezibonakalayo ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke ukuphuka ngokukhawuleza.
Iibholiti zentsimbi ezikumgangatho ophezulu-ezinonyango olululo lobushushu zihlala zibonelela ngamandla okumelana nokudinwa. Ukulayisha kwangaphambili okuchanekileyo kunye netorque yofakelo nako kunceda ukunciphisa uxinzelelo lokudinwa.
I-Oxidation kunye nokuKhawulwa kweNkxaso
Ukuboniswa kobushushu rhoqo kunokubangela i-oxidation kumphezulu webholithi. I-oxidation yenza buthathaka izinto kwaye inciphisa ubomi benkonzo.
Kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu kakhulu, ezinye iintsimbi zenza umaleko oshinyeneyo weoksidi owaziwa ngokuba kukukala. Ukulinganisa okubukhali kunokonakalisa imicu kwaye kunciphise ukuthembeka kokuqina.
Iibholiti zentsimbi estainless kunye ne-nickel alloy zibonelela ngcono ukuxhathisa kwi-oxidation kuba izinto zazo ezidibeneyo zenza umaleko okhuselayo weoksidi ocothisa umhlwa ngakumbi.
Khetha uYilo lweBolt oluLungileyo kunye nendlela yokuFakelo
Uyilo olululo lwebholithi kunye nofakelo lubalulekile ekugcineni uzinzo kwindibaniselwano{0}}kwiinkqubo zobushushu obuphezulu.
Ukukhetha ubungakanani obufanelekileyo beBolt kunye nohlobo lomsonto
Idayamitha yeBolt kunye noyilo lwentambo luchaphazela amandla okubamba kunye nokuzinza kwe-thermal.
Iibholiti ezinkulu ngokubanzi zibonelela ngomthamo ophezulu womthwalo, kodwa ubungakanani bebholithi obugqithisileyo bunokudala uxinzelelo lobushushu obungeyomfuneko.
Iibholiti ezirhabaxa-ziqhele ukusetyenziswa kwizixhobo zemizi-mveliso kuba ziyamelana nomonakalo womsonto kwaye ziqhuba kakuhle kwindawo ezimdaka. -Iibholithi zomsonto ezilungileyo zibonelela ngolawulo olungcono lokulayisha kwangaphambili kunye nokuphuculwa kokuxhathisa kokungcangcazela.
I-Torque efanelekileyo kunye noLawulo lokulayisha kwangaphambili
Ukulayishwa kwangaphambili kwebholiti okuchanekileyo kubalulekile-kwizicelo zobushushu obuphezulu. Ubushushu obugqithisileyo bunokunciphisa ukulayisha kwangaphambili ngokuhamba kwexesha ngenxa yokwanda kwe-thermal kunye ne-creep deformation.
Ngaphantsi{0}}ukuqiniswa kunokuvumela intshukumo edibeneyo kunye nokuvuza, ngelixa ukuqina ngaphezulu{1}}kungonakalisa ibholithi okanye kukhawulezise ukudinwa kwezinto.
Izitshixo zeTorque, i-hydraulic tensioners, kunye neenkqubo zokubeka iliso kwangaphambili zinceda ukuqinisekisa ukufakwa okuchanekileyo.
Ukusetyenziswa kweWashers kunye neNkqubo yokutshixa
Amaqondo obushushu aphezulu kunye nokungcangcazela kunokukhulula ngokuthe ngcembe iziqhoboshi. Iinkqubo zokuvala zinceda ukugcina ukuzinza ngokubambisana ngexesha lokusebenza.
Izisombululo eziqhelekileyo ziquka:
Iiwasha ezikwaziyo ukumelana nobushushu-
Tshixa amandongomane
Iiwasha zasentwasahlobo
Izixhobo zokutshixa oomatshini
Ukuhambelana koKwandiswa kweThermal
Izixhobo ezahlukeneyo zanda ngamaqondo ahlukeneyo xa zifudunyezwa. Ukuba iibholiti kunye namacandelo adibeneyo anee-coefficients zokwandiswa kwe-thermal ezahlukileyo kakhulu, uxinzelelo olugqithisileyo lunokuphuhliswa ngexesha lokusebenza.
Ukukhetha izinto ezihambelanayo kunciphisa uxinzelelo lwe-thermal kunye nokuphucula ukuthembeka ngokubambisana.
Iinjineli kufuneka kwakhona ziqwalasele uyilo oludibeneyo ngononophelo ukuvumela intshukumo elawulwayo yobushushu apho kuyimfuneko.
Vavanya iMigangatho, uVavanyo, kunye nokuthembeka koMboneleli
Iibholithi zobushushu obuphezulu obuthembekileyo{0} kufuneka zihlangabezane nemigangatho engqongqo yobulunga kwaye zihambe neenkqubo zovavanyo lobungcali.
Imigangatho yoShishino yeeBolt zoBubushushu obuPhezulu{0}
Iibholithi zamashishini zihlala zihambelana nemigangatho efana nale:
I-ASTM
ASME
ISO
I-DIN
SAE
Iindlela zoVavanyo lobushushu{{0}eziPhezulu
Abavelisi beengcali benza iimvavanyo ezahlukeneyo ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwebholithi.
Iindlela zovavanyo eziqhelekileyo ziquka:
Uvavanyo lobushushu obunyusiweyo-
Uvavanyo lwe-creep
Uvavanyo lokudinwa kwe-Thermal
Uvavanyo lokubola kokutshizwa kwetyuwa
Uvavanyo lokuqina
Ulawulo lomgangatho kunye nokulandelelwa
{0}}Ubushushu obuphezulu bezicelo zivamise kufuna ukulandeleka okupheleleyo.
Abavelisi abathembekileyo bagcina iinkqubo ezingqongqo zolawulo lomgangatho eziquka:
Ukuhlolwa kwezinto ezikrwada
Ukujongwa kwonyango lobushushu
Ukuhlolwa komgangatho
Ukuchongwa kwebhetshi
Uvavanyo lokugqibela lokusebenza
Ukuqukumbela
Ukukhetha iibholithi ezifanelekileyo -zendawo zobushushu obuphezulu kufuna uvandlakanyo ngononophelo lweemeko zokusebenza, iimpawu zemathiriyeli, amandla oomatshini, kunye neendlela zokufakela. Ubushushu obugqithisileyo bunokuchaphazela kakhulu ukusebenza kwebholiti ngokunciphisa amandla okuqina, ukukhawulezisa i-oxidation, kunye nokubangela i-creep deformation.
{0}}Umgangatho ophezulu wobushushu{1}}iibholithi ezixhathisayo ziphucula ukuthembeka kwesixhobo, zigcina uzinzo kwindibaniselwano, kunye nokunciphisa umngcipheko wokusilela okungalindelekanga. Izinto ezifana nentsimbi yealloy, insimbi engenasici, kunye ne-nickel alloys zibonelela ngokusebenza okuphezulu ekufuneni izicelo zoshishino.
Abathengi bemizi-mveliso akufuneki bagxile kuphela kwixabiso kodwa nakwixesha elide-lokuqina, imigangatho yovavanyo, kunye nokuthembeka komthengisi. Ngokukhetha iibholithi ezenzelwe ngokukodwa iimeko zobushushu obuphakamileyo, iinkampani zinokuphucula ukhuseleko lokusebenza, zinciphise iindleko zokulondoloza, kwaye zandise ubomi benkonzo yezixhobo.
